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常見電路板及各類元器件的毛病表現與修理方案

一(yi)、工控電路板電容(rong)損壞的(de)毛病(bing)特色(se)及(ji)修理
電容(rong)損壞(huai)引發的毛病在電子(zi)設備(bei)中是最(zui)高的,其間特(te)別以電解電容(rong)的損壞(huai)最(zui)為(wei)常見。

電容損壞(huai)體現為:1. 容量變(bian)小;2. 完全失去容量;3. 漏電;4. 短路。
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電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)中所起的作用(yong)不同,引起的毛(mao)病(bing)也各有(you)(you)特色。在(zai)工控電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)板中,數字(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)占絕(jue)大多數,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容多用(yong)做(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)濾波(bo),用(yong)做(zuo)(zuo)信號耦(ou)合和振(zhen)蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容較少。用(yong)在(zai)開(kai)關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)中的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容假如(ru)損(sun)壞(huai)(huai),則開(kai)關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)或(huo)許不起振(zhen),沒有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓輸出(chu);或(huo)者(zhe)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓濾波(bo)欠好(hao)(hao),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)因電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不穩而發作邏輯紊亂,體(ti)現為機器作業時(shi)好(hao)(hao)時(shi)壞(huai)(huai)或(huo)開(kai)不了機,假如(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容并在(zai)數字(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)正負極之間,毛(mao)病(bing)體(ti)現同上。

這在電(dian)腦主板上體現(xian)特別顯著,許(xu)多電(dian)腦用了幾(ji)年就出現(xian)有(you)時(shi)開(kai)不了機(ji),有(you)時(shi)又能夠(gou)開(kai)機(ji)的現(xian)象,打開(kai)機(ji)箱,往(wang)往(wang)能夠(gou)看見有(you)電(dian)解電(dian)容(rong)鼓包的現(xian)象,假如將電(dian)容(rong)拆(chai)下(xia)來量一下(xia)容(rong)量,發現(xian)比實際值要(yao)低許(xu)多。

電(dian)容的壽(shou)數與環(huan)境(jing)溫度直接有(you)關,環(huan)境(jing)溫度越高,電(dian)容壽(shou)數越短。這(zhe)個規則(ze)不但適(shi)(shi)用(yong)電(dian)解電(dian)容,也適(shi)(shi)用(yong)其它電(dian)容。所(suo)以在尋(xun)找毛病電(dian)容時應要點(dian)查看和熱源靠得(de)比較近(jin)的電(dian)容,如(ru)散熱片旁(pang)及(ji)大功率元器材旁(pang)的電(dian)容,離其越近(jin),損(sun)壞(huai)的或許性(xing)就(jiu)越大。

從(cong)前修過一(yi)(yi)(yi)臺 X 光探傷儀的(de)電源(yuan),用(yong)戶反映有(you)(you)(you)(you)煙(yan)從(cong)電源(yuan)里冒出(chu)(chu)來,拆(chai)(chai)開機箱后(hou)發(fa)現有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)只 1000uF/350V 的(de)大電容有(you)(you)(you)(you)油質(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣的(de)東西流(liu)出(chu)(chu)來,拆(chai)(chai)下來一(yi)(yi)(yi)量容量只需(xu)(xu)幾十 uF,還發(fa)現只需(xu)(xu)這只電容與(yu)整流(liu)橋的(de)散熱片離(li)(li)得(de)最(zui)近,其它(ta)離(li)(li)得(de)遠的(de)就完好無損(sun),容量正常(chang)。另外有(you)(you)(you)(you)瓷(ci)片電容出(chu)(chu)現短路的(de)狀況,也(ye)發(fa)現電容離(li)(li)發(fa)熱部件比較近。所以在檢修查(cha)找時應有(you)(you)(you)(you)所偏(pian)重(zhong)。

有些電容漏(lou)電比較嚴重,用手(shou)指觸摸時甚至會棘手(shou),這種(zhong)電容必須替換(huan)。

在檢修時好時壞(huai)(huai)的(de)(de)毛病時,排(pai)除了(le)觸摸(mo)不(bu)良的(de)(de)或許(xu)性以外,一(yi)般大部分便是(shi)電(dian)容(rong)損壞(huai)(huai)引(yin)起的(de)(de)毛病了(le)。所(suo)以在碰到此類毛病時,能夠將電(dian)容(rong)要(yao)點查看一(yi)下,換掉電(dian)容(rong)后往(wang)往(wang)令人(ren)驚喜(當然也要(yao)留意(yi)電(dian)容(rong)的(de)(de)品質,要(yao)選擇好一(yi)點的(de)(de)牌子,如紅寶石、黑金剛(gang)之類)。


二、電阻損壞的特色與判別
常(chang)看見許多初學者(zhe)在(zai)檢修(xiu)電(dian)路時在(zai)電(dian)阻上折騰(teng),又(you)是拆又(you)是焊的(de),其實修(xiu)得多了(le),你只需(xu)了(le)解(jie)了(le)電(dian)阻的(de)損(sun)壞特色,就不用(yong)大費周章。
電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)是電(dian)器設備中數量最(zui)多的元(yuan)(yuan)件,但(dan)不是損壞率最(zui)高(gao)的元(yuan)(yuan)件。電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)損壞以開路最(zui)常見(jian)(jian),阻(zu)(zu)值變大較少見(jian)(jian),阻(zu)(zu)值變小(xiao)十分少見(jian)(jian)。常見(jian)(jian)的有碳(tan)膜電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)、金屬膜電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)、線繞電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)和穩妥電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)幾種。

前兩(liang)種電(dian)阻(zu)運用最廣(guang),其損(sun)(sun)壞(huai)(huai)的特(te)色一是低阻(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)(100Ω以下)和(he)高阻(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)(100kΩ以上)的損(sun)(sun)壞(huai)(huai)率(lv)較(jiao)高,中心阻(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)(如幾百歐(ou)到幾十(shi)千(qian)歐(ou))的極少損(sun)(sun)壞(huai)(huai);二(er)是低阻(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)阻(zu)損(sun)(sun)壞(huai)(huai)時往(wang)往(wang)是燒焦(jiao)發黑,很簡單發現,而高阻(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)阻(zu)損(sun)(sun)壞(huai)(huai)時很少有痕(hen)跡。

線(xian)繞(rao)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)一般用作大電(dian)(dian)流(liu)限流(liu),阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)不大。圓柱形線(xian)繞(rao)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)燒壞時(shi)有(you)(you)的(de)會發黑(hei)或外表爆皮(pi)、裂紋,有(you)(you)的(de)沒有(you)(you)痕(hen)跡(ji)(ji)。水泥電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)是(shi)線(xian)繞(rao)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的(de)一種,燒壞時(shi)或許會斷(duan)裂,不然(ran)也沒有(you)(you)可見痕(hen)跡(ji)(ji)。穩(wen)妥電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)燒壞時(shi)有(you)(you)的(de)外表會炸掉一塊皮(pi),有(you)(you)的(de)也沒有(you)(you)什么痕(hen)跡(ji)(ji),但(dan)絕不會燒焦(jiao)發黑(hei)。依據以(yi)上特(te)色(se),在查看電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)時(shi)可有(you)(you)所偏重,快速找出損(sun)壞的(de)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)。

依(yi)據以上列出的特(te)色(se),咱們先能夠觀察一(yi)下(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路板上低阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)有沒有燒黑的痕跡(ji),再依(yi)據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)損壞時絕大多數開路或(huo)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變大以及高阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)簡單(dan)損壞的特(te)色(se),咱們就能夠用(yong)萬用(yong)表在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路板上先直接(jie)量(liang)高阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)兩頭的阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),假如(ru)(ru)量(liang)得阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)比標稱(cheng)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大,則(ze)這個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)必定損壞(要留意(yi)等阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)顯現安穩后(hou)才下(xia)結論(lun),由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中有或(huo)許并聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容元件,有一(yi)個(ge)充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程),假如(ru)(ru)量(liang)得阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)比標稱(cheng)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小,則(ze)一(yi)般不用(yong)理會它(ta)。這樣(yang)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路板上每(mei)一(yi)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)都量(liang)一(yi)遍,即便(bian)“錯殺”一(yi)千(qian),也不會放(fang)過一(yi)個(ge)了。


三(san)、運(yun)算(suan)放大(da)器的好壞判別辦法
運算(suan)放(fang)大(da)器好壞的(de)判別對相(xiang)當多(duo)的(de)電子(zi)修理(li)者有(you)(you)一(yi)定的(de)難度,不(bu)只(zhi)文化程度的(de)關系(手下有(you)(you)許多(duo)本科生,不(bu)教(jiao)的(de)話必(bi)定不(bu)會,教(jiao)了也(ye)要好久才領會,還有(you)(you)個專門跟(gen)導師(shi)學變頻操(cao)控的(de)研(yan)究生,居然也(ye)是如(ru)此!),在此與我們共(gong)同討論一(yi)下,期望(wang)對我們有(you)(you)所協助。

抱(bao)負運(yun)算放(fang)(fang)(fang)大(da)器(qi)具有(you)(you)“虛(xu)短(duan)”和(he)“虛(xu)斷”的特性(xing)(xing)(xing),這兩個特性(xing)(xing)(xing)對剖析線性(xing)(xing)(xing)運(yun)用(yong)的運(yun)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)十分有(you)(you)用(yong)。為了保證線性(xing)(xing)(xing)運(yun)用(yong),運(yun)放(fang)(fang)(fang)必須在閉環(huan)(負反饋)下作業。假如沒有(you)(you)負反饋,開(kai)環(huan)放(fang)(fang)(fang)大(da)下的運(yun)放(fang)(fang)(fang)成為一個比(bi)較(jiao)器(qi)。假如要判別器(qi)材的好壞,先(xian)應分清楚器(qi)材在電(dian)路(lu)(lu)中是做(zuo)放(fang)(fang)(fang)大(da)器(qi)用(yong)還(huan)是做(zuo)比(bi)較(jiao)器(qi)用(yong)。

依據放大器(qi)虛短的(de)(de)原理,便是說假如這個(ge)運算放大器(qi)作業正常(chang)的(de)(de)話,其(qi)同(tong)向(xiang)輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)端(duan)和反向(xiang)輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)端(duan)電壓必定持平,即(ji)便有不同(tong)也是 mv 級的(de)(de),當然在(zai)某些高輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)阻抗電路中,萬用(yong)表的(de)(de)內阻會(hui)對電壓測驗有點影響,但一般也不會(hui)超越 0.2V,假如有 0.5V 以上的(de)(de)不同(tong),則放大器(qi)必壞無疑!(我是用(yong)的(de)(de) FLUKE179 萬用(yong)表)

假如器材是做比(bi)較器用,則允(yun)許同向(xiang)輸入端和反向(xiang)輸入端不等(deng),

同(tong)向(xiang)(xiang)電壓>反向(xiang)(xiang)電壓,則輸(shu)出電壓接近正(zheng)的最大值;

同向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)<反向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya),則輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)接近(jin) 0V 或(huo)負的最大(da)值(視乎雙電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)或(huo)單電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan))。

假如檢測到電壓不符合(he)這(zhe)個(ge)規則(ze),則(ze)器材必(bi)壞無疑!

這樣(yang)你不(bu)用運用代換(huan)法,不(bu)用拆下電路板(ban)上(shang)的芯片就能夠判別運算(suan)放大器的好壞了。


四、萬用表測驗 SMT 元件的一個小竅門
有(you)些貼片元件(jian)(jian)十分細微,用普(pu)通(tong)萬用表(biao)表(biao)筆測驗檢修時很不(bu)方便利,一是簡單形成短路(lu),二是對涂(tu)有(you)絕緣涂(tu)層的電路(lu)板不(bu)方便觸摸(mo)到元件(jian)(jian)管腳的金屬部分。這兒告訴我們一個簡便辦法,會給(gei)檢測帶(dai)來不(bu)少便利。

取兩枚最小號(hao)的縫衣(yi)針(zhen),(深度工控修(xiu)理技能(neng)專欄)將之(zhi)與萬用表筆靠緊,然后取一根多(duo)股電(dian)纜(lan)里(li)的細(xi)銅線,用細(xi)銅線將表筆和(he)縫衣(yi)針(zhen)綁在(zai)一同,再用焊錫焊牢(lao)。這樣用帶(dai)有細(xi)微針(zhen)尖(jian)的表筆去(qu)測那(nei)些 SMT 元件的時候就再無短路之(zhi)虞,并且針(zhen)尖(jian)能(neng)夠刺破絕(jue)緣涂層,直搗關鍵部位,再也不用費心去(qu)刮那(nei)些膜(mo)膜(mo)了。

五(wu)、電路(lu)板公共(gong)電源(yuan)短路(lu)毛病的檢修辦法
電路(lu)板(ban)修理中,假如碰到公共電源短路(lu)的(de)毛病(bing)往(wang)往(wang)頭大,由于(yu)許多(duo)(duo)器材都(dou)共用(yong)(yong)同一電源,每一個用(yong)(yong)此電源的(de)器材都(dou)有短路(lu)的(de)嫌疑(yi),假如板(ban)上元(yuan)件不多(duo)(duo),選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)“鋤大地”的(de)辦法終歸能夠找到短路(lu)點,假如元(yuan)件太(tai)多(duo)(duo),“鋤大地”能不能鋤到狀況就要靠運氣(qi)了。在此引薦一比較管用(yong)(yong)的(de)辦法,選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)此法,事(shi)半功(gong)倍,往(wang)往(wang)能很快找到毛病(bing)點。

要有(you)一(yi)個電(dian)(dian)壓電(dian)(dian)流皆可調(diao)的電(dian)(dian)源,電(dian)(dian)壓 0-30V,電(dian)(dian)流 0-3A,此(ci)電(dian)(dian)源不(bu)貴(gui),300 元左右。將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)開路(lu)(lu)電(dian)(dian)壓調(diao)到(dao)器(qi)材(cai)電(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)壓水(shui)平,先將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)電(dian)(dian)流調(diao)至最小,將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)此(ci)電(dian)(dian)壓加在電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的電(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)壓點如 74 系列芯片的 5V 和(he) 0V 端(duan),視乎短路(lu)(lu)程(cheng)度,慢慢將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)電(dian)(dian)流增(zeng)大,用手摸器(qi)材(cai),當(dang)摸到(dao)某(mou)個器(qi)材(cai)發熱顯(xian)著,這個往往便是損壞的元件,可將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)之取下進一(yi)步丈量確認(ren)。當(dang)然操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)壓一(yi)定不(bu)能超(chao)越器(qi)材(cai)的作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)電(dian)(dian)壓,并且不(bu)能接反,不(bu)然會燒壞其(qi)它好的器(qi)材(cai)。

六、一塊小橡皮,處理大(da)問題
工業操(cao)控(kong)用到的(de)(de)(de)(de)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)卡(ka)越(yue)來越(yue)多(duo),許多(duo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)卡(ka)選用金手(shou)指刺進(jin)插槽(cao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa) . 由(you)于工業現場環(huan)境惡劣(lie),多(duo)塵、濕潤、多(duo)腐蝕氣體的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境易使板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)卡(ka)發(fa)作觸摸不良毛病,許多(duo)朋友(you)或許通過替(ti)換板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)卡(ka)的(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa)處(chu)理了(le)問(wen)題(ti),但購(gou)買(mai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)卡(ka)的(de)(de)(de)(de)費用十(shi)分可觀,特別某些(xie)進(jin)口設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)卡(ka)。其(qi)實(shi)我(wo)們無妨運用橡皮擦(ca)在金手(shou)指上(shang)重(zhong)復擦(ca)幾(ji)下,將金手(shou)指上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)污物(wu)整理干凈后,再試機,沒(mei)準(zhun)就處(chu)理了(le)問(wen)題(ti)!辦法(fa)簡單又實(shi)用。

七(qi)、時(shi)好時(shi)壞電氣(qi)毛病的剖(pou)析(xi)
各種時好時壞(huai)電氣毛病從概率大小來(lai)講(jiang)大概包含以下(xia)幾種狀(zhuang)況:

1. 觸摸不良
板卡(ka)與插槽(cao)觸摸(mo)不良、纜(lan)線內部折(zhe)斷時(shi)通時(shi)不通、線插頭及接線端子(zi)觸摸(mo)欠好、元(yuan)器材虛焊等皆屬此類;

2. 信號(hao)受(shou)攪(jiao)擾
對(dui)數字電(dian)路而言,在特定的狀況條件(jian)下,毛病(bing)才(cai)會(hui)呈現(xian),有或(huo)許確實(shi)是攪(jiao)擾太(tai)大影(ying)響了(le)(le)操控系(xi)統(tong)使其犯錯,也有電(dian)路板個別元件(jian)參數或(huo)全體(ti)體(ti)現(xian)參數出現(xian)了(le)(le)改動,使抗攪(jiao)擾才(cai)能趨(qu)向(xiang)臨(lin)界點,然后出現(xian)毛病(bing);

3. 元器材(cai)熱安(an)穩性欠好
從大量的(de)修(xiu)理實(shi)踐來看,其(qi)間首(shou)推電解電容的(de)熱安穩性(xing)欠好,其(qi)次是其(qi)它電容、三(san)極管、二極管、IC、電阻等;

4. 電路(lu)板上有濕氣、積塵(chen)等。
濕氣和積塵(chen)會導電,具有電阻(zu)效應,并且在熱脹冷縮的過(guo)程(cheng)中阻(zu)值還(huan)會改(gai)動,這個電阻(zu)值會同其它元件有并聯效果,這個效果比較強時就會改(gai)動電路參數,使毛(mao)病發作;

5. 軟(ruan)件也是(shi)考(kao)慮(lv)要素之一(yi)
電(dian)路(lu)中許多參數(shu)運用軟件來(lai)調整,某些(xie)參數(shu)的(de)裕量調得(de)太(tai)低,處(chu)于臨(lin)界規模,當機(ji)器運行工況符合(he)軟件斷定毛病(bing)的(de)理由時(shi),那么報(bao)警就會出(chu)現。
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