电(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)品(pin)种繁杂,但无论再(zai)怎么分(fen)类,其基本原(yuan)理都是(shi)(shi)利用电(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)对(dui)交变(bian)信号呈低阻(zu)状况。交变(bian)电(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)频率f越高,电(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)阻(zu)抗就越低。旁路电(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)起的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要效果是(shi)(shi)给(ji)沟通信号供应(ying)低阻(zu)抗的(de)(de)(de)(de)通路;去耦电(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要功能是(shi)(shi)供应(ying)一(yi)个(ge)部分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)直流电(dian)(dian)源(yuan)给(ji)有(you)源(yuan)器材,以削(xue)减开关噪(zao)声(sheng)在(zai)板(ban)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)传达和(he)将噪(zao)声(sheng)引导到地,加(jia)入去耦电(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)后电(dian)(dian)压的(de)(de)(de)(de)纹波搅扰会明显(xian)减小;滤波电(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)常用于(yu)滤波电(dian)(dian)路中。
关于抱负的电(dian)容(rong)(rong)器来(lai)说,不考虑寄(ji)生电(dian)感和电(dian)阻的影(ying)响,那么在电(dian)容(rong)(rong)规划(hua)上就没有(you)任何顾(gu)虑,电(dian)容(rong)(rong)的值越(yue)大(da)越(yue)好。但实(shi)际情(qing)况(kuang)却相差很远,并不是电(dian)容(rong)(rong)越(yue)大(da)对高(gao)速电(dian)路越(yue)有(you)利(li),反而小电(dian)容(rong)(rong)才干被应用(yong)于高(gao)频。
滤波(bo)电容用在(zai)电源整流电路中(zhong),用来滤除沟通成分(fen),使输出的直(zhi)流更滑润。去耦电容用在(zai)扩(kuo)大电路中(zhong)不需求沟通的地方,用来消除自激,使扩(kuo)大器稳定作业(ye)。旁路电容用在(zai)有(you)电阻衔接时(shi),接在(zai)电阻两头使沟通信号顺(shun)畅经过。
1.关(guan)于去耦电容蓄能效果的了解(jie)
(1)去耦(ou)电(dian)(dian)(dian)容主要是去除高(gao)(gao)(gao)频如RF信号的(de)(de)(de)搅扰(rao)(rao),搅扰(rao)(rao)的(de)(de)(de)进入方式(shi)是经过电(dian)(dian)(dian)磁辐射。而实际上(shang),芯片(pian)附近的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)容还有(you)蓄(xu)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)效果,这(zhei)是第二位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)。你(ni)能(neng)够(gou)把总电(dian)(dian)(dian)源看作水(shui)库,咱们(men)大(da)楼(lou)内的(de)(de)(de)家家户(hu)户(hu)都需求供(gong)水(shui),这(zhei)时(shi)分(fen)(fen),水(shui)不(bu)(bu)是直(zhi)接(jie)来自于水(shui)库,那样(yang)距离太远了(le),等水(shui)过来,咱们(men)现(xian)已渴的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)行了(le)。实际水(shui)是来自于大(da)楼(lou)顶上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)塔,水(shui)塔其实是一(yi)(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)buffer的(de)(de)(de)效果。假如微观来看,高(gao)(gao)(gao)频器(qi)(qi)材在(zai)作业(ye)的(de)(de)(de)时(shi)分(fen)(fen),其电(dian)(dian)(dian)流是不(bu)(bu)接(jie)连的(de)(de)(de),并且频率(lv)很高(gao)(gao)(gao),而器(qi)(qi)材VCC到(dao)总电(dian)(dian)(dian)源有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)段(duan)距离,即便距离不(bu)(bu)长,在(zai)频率(lv)很高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)情况下(xia),阻抗Z=i*wL+R,线路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)感影响也(ye)会(hui)非常大(da),会(hui)导致器(qi)(qi)材在(zai)需求电(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)时(shi)分(fen)(fen),不(bu)(bu)能(neng)被及(ji)时(shi)供(gong)应。而去耦(ou)电(dian)(dian)(dian)容能(neng)够(gou)补偿此缺(que)乏。这(zhei)也(ye)是为什(shen)么许多电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)板在(zai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)频器(qi)(qi)材VCC管脚处(chu)放(fang)置小电(dian)(dian)(dian)容的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)之一(yi)(yi)(yi)(在(zai)Vcc引脚上(shang)通常并联一(yi)(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)去耦(ou)电(dian)(dian)(dian)容,这(zhei)样(yang)沟通重量就从这(zhei)个(ge)(ge)电(dian)(dian)(dian)容接(jie)地。
(2)有源器(qi)材(cai)在开(kai)关时发生(sheng)的(de)高频开(kai)关噪(zao)声将(jiang)沿着电(dian)(dian)源线传达。去耦电(dian)(dian)容(rong)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)功能便(bian)是供应一个部(bu)分的(de)直流电(dian)(dian)源给有源器(qi)材(cai),以削减开(kai)关噪(zao)声在板上的(de)传达和将(jiang)噪(zao)声引导到地。
2.旁路电(dian)容和去耦电(dian)容的差异
去耦(ou):去除在器(qi)材切换(huan)时从高频器(qi)材进入到配(pei)电网络中的RF能(neng)量(liang)。去耦(ou)电容(rong)还(hai)能(neng)够(gou)为器(qi)材供应部(bu)分(fen)化(hua)的DC电压源,它在削减跨板浪涌(yong)电流方(fang)面特别有用。
旁路(lu):从元件或电缆中转移出不想(xiang)要的(de)共模RF能(neng)(neng)量。这(zhei)主(zhu)要是(shi)经过发生(sheng)AC旁路(lu)消(xiao)除(chu)无意的(de)能(neng)(neng)量进入敏感(gan)的(de)部分(fen),别(bie)的(de)还(hai)能(neng)(neng)够供应(ying)基带滤波功能(neng)(neng)(带宽受限(xian))。
咱们经常能(neng)够看到,在电源和地之(zhi)间衔接着(zhe)(zhe)去耦电容,它有三(san)个方面的(de)效果(guo):一是作为(wei)本集(ji)成电路(lu)的(de)蓄能(neng)电容;二是滤除该器材发生的(de)高频噪(zao)声,堵(du)截其经过供电回路(lu)进行传达的(de)通路(lu);三(san)是防止电源带着(zhe)(zhe)的(de)噪(zao)声对电路(lu)构成搅扰。
旁路电容(rong)和去耦电容(rong)的差异
在电(dian)子(zi)电(dian)路中(zhong),去(qu)耦电(dian)容和旁路电(dian)容都(dou)是起到抗搅扰的(de)效(xiao)果,电(dian)容所(suo)处的(de)方(fang)位不同,称号(hao)就不一样了。关于同一个(ge)电(dian)路来说(shuo),旁路(bypass)电(dian)容是把输(shu)入信号(hao)中(zhong)的(de)高频噪声作为滤(lv)除目标(biao),把前级带着的(de)高频杂波滤(lv)除,而去(qu)耦(decoupling)电(dian)容也称退耦电(dian)容,是把输(shu)出信号(hao)的(de)搅扰作为滤(lv)除目标(biao)。
从电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)来(lai)说(shuo),总是存(cun)在驱(qu)动(dong)的(de)源和被驱(qu)动(dong)的(de)负载。假(jia)如负载电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)比(bi)较(jiao)大,驱(qu)动(dong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)要把(ba)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、放电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),才干完结信号的(de)跳变,在上升沿比(bi)较(jiao)峻峭的(de)时分,电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)比(bi)较(jiao)大,这(zhei)样驱(qu)动(dong)的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)就会(hui)吸收很大的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu),因(yin)为(wei)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感,电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(特别是芯片(pian)管脚上的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感,会(hui)发生反(fan)弹),这(zhei)种电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)相关于(yu)正(zheng)常情况来(lai)说(shuo)实(shi)际(ji)上便是一种噪声(sheng),会(hui)影响前(qian)级(ji)的(de)正(zheng)常作业,这(zhei)便是耦(ou)合。
去耦(ou)电(dian)容便是起到一个电(dian)池(chi)的(de)效果(guo),满意驱动电(dian)路电(dian)流的(de)改变,防止(zhi)相(xiang)互间的(de)耦(ou)合搅扰。
旁(pang)(pang)路(lu)电(dian)容实际也是(shi)去耦合的,只是(shi)旁(pang)(pang)路(lu)电(dian)容一(yi)般是(shi)指(zhi)高频(pin)旁(pang)(pang)路(lu),也便是(shi)给高频(pin)的开关噪声提高一(yi)条低阻抗泄防途径。高频(pin)旁(pang)(pang)路(lu)电(dian)容一(yi)般比(bi)较小,依(yi)据(ju)谐(xie)振频(pin)率一(yi)般是(shi)0.1u,0.01u等(deng),而去耦合电(dian)容一(yi)般比(bi)较大,是(shi)10u或许更大,依(yi)据(ju)电(dian)路(lu)中散布(bu)参数,以及驱动(dong)电(dian)流的改(gai)变巨细来确认(ren)。
去(qu)(qu)耦和旁路都能够看(kan)作(zuo)滤波。去(qu)(qu)耦电(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)相(xiang)当于电(dian)(dian)池,防(fang)止因为(wei)电(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)突变而使电(dian)(dian)压下降,相(xiang)当于滤纹(wen)波。具体容(rong)(rong)(rong)值能够依据(ju)电(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)巨(ju)(ju)细(xi)(xi)、期望的(de)(de)纹(wen)波巨(ju)(ju)细(xi)(xi)、效果时刻的(de)(de)巨(ju)(ju)细(xi)(xi)来计算。去(qu)(qu)耦电(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)一(yi)般(ban)都很大,对更高(gao)频(pin)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)噪声(sheng),基本无效。旁路电(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)便(bian)是(shi)针对高(gao)频(pin)来的(de)(de),也便(bian)是(shi)利用(yong)了电(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)频(pin)率(lv)(lv)阻抗特性。电(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)一(yi)般(ban)都能够当作(zuo)一(yi)个RLC串联(lian)模型。在某(mou)个频(pin)率(lv)(lv),会发(fa)生(sheng)谐振,此(ci)刻电(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)阻抗就等于其ESR。假如看(kan)电(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)频(pin)率(lv)(lv)阻抗曲(qu)线(xian)图(tu),就会发(fa)现一(yi)般(ban)都是(shi)一(yi)个V形的(de)(de)曲(qu)线(xian)。具体曲(qu)线(xian)与电(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)介(jie)质有关,所以挑(tiao)选旁路电(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)还要考(kao)虑电(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)介(jie)质,一(yi)个比较稳妥的(de)(de)方(fang)法便(bian)是(shi)多并几个电(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)。
去耦(ou)电容(rong)在集(ji)成(cheng)电路(lu)电源和地之间的(de)有两个(ge)(ge)效(xiao)(xiao)果:一方(fang)面是(shi)(shi)本集(ji)成(cheng)电路(lu)的(de)蓄能电容(rong),另一方(fang)面旁路(lu)掉(diao)该器材的(de)高频(pin)(pin)噪(zao)(zao)声。数字电路(lu)中典(dian)型的(de)去耦(ou)电容(rong)值是(shi)(shi)0.1μF。这(zhei)(zhei)个(ge)(ge)电容(rong)的(de)散布电感(gan)(gan)的(de)典(dian)型值是(shi)(shi)5μH。0.1μF的(de)去耦(ou)电容(rong)有5μH的(de)散布电感(gan)(gan),它的(de)并行(xing)共振频(pin)(pin)率大(da)约在7MHz左右(you),也便(bian)是(shi)(shi)说,关于10MHz以(yi)下的(de)噪(zao)(zao)声有较好(hao)的(de)去耦(ou)效(xiao)(xiao)果,对40MHz以(yi)上(shang)的(de)噪(zao)(zao)声几(ji)乎不起效(xiao)(xiao)果。1μF、10μF的(de)电容(rong),并行(xing)共振频(pin)(pin)率在20MHz以(yi)上(shang),去除高频(pin)(pin)噪(zao)(zao)声的(de)效(xiao)(xiao)果要(yao)好(hao)一些。每10片(pian)左右(you)集(ji)成(cheng)电路(lu)要(yao)加(jia)一片(pian)充放电电容(rong),或1个(ge)(ge)蓄能电容(rong),可选10μF左右(you)。最好(hao)不必(bi)电解(jie)电容(rong),电解(jie)电容(rong)是(shi)(shi)两层薄膜卷(juan)起来的(de),这(zhei)(zhei)种卷(juan)起来的(de)结构在高频(pin)(pin)时表现为(wei)电感(gan)(gan)。要(yao)运用(yong)钽电容(rong)或聚碳酸酯电容(rong)。去耦(ou)电容(rong)的(de)选用(yong)并不严厉(li),可按C=1/F,即10MHz取0.1μF,100MHz取0.01μF。
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